![]() Partial pressure of CO2 in dry inspired air Partial pressure of O2 in dry inspired air Partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood Table 5–1 Abbreviations and Normal Values Associated with Respiratory Physiology The volume displaced is recorded on calibrated paper ( Fig. Typically, the subject is sitting and breathes into and out of the spirometer, displacing a bell. Static volumes of the lung are measured with a spirometer ( Table 5-1). Its circumferential nature makes it suited to compressing the contents of the abdominal cavity.Physiology 5th Ed. Origin: the internal surface of the costal cartilage of ribs 7-12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest.The transversus abdominis lies deep to the internal oblique and its fibres run transversally across the abdomen. Insertion: inferior borders of ribs 10-12, linea alba, pecten pubis.Origin: thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest.The internal oblique is the middle of the three anterolateral abdominal muscles whose fibres run superomedially. ![]() The inferior edge is thickened, running from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to the pubic tubercle as the inguinal ligament. Insertion: linea alba, pubic tubercle, iliac crest.Ī central aponeurosis connects the two muscular components.The external oblique is the largest of the three anterolateral abdominal muscles whose fibres run inferomedially. Insertion: xiphoid process and costal cartilages of ribs 5-7.The rectus abdominis are paired muscles divided into four sections by tendinous intersections. Muscles of the Abdominal wall Rectus abdominis The azygous and hemiazygous veins and the thoracic duct also pass through this hiatus. Aortic hiatus: the aorta passes through this hiatus at the level of T12 located between the crus and the vertebral column.The vagus nerves and small oesophageal arteries also pass through this hiatus. Oesophageal hiatus: the oesophagus passes through this hiatus found in the right crus (though left of the midline) of the diaphragm at the level of T10.Branches of the right phrenic nerve also pass through this opening. Caval hiatus: the inferior vena cava passes through this hiatus, found in the central tendon, at the level of T8.The inferior surface is drained by the inferior phrenic veins (to IVC and suprarenal vein). Venous drainage: the superior surface is drained by the superior phrenic vein, musculophrenic and pericardiacophrenic veins.The inferior surface is supplied by the inferior phrenic arteries (from the abdominal aorta). Arterial supply: the superior surface is supplied by the superior phrenic arteries (from the thoracic aorta), musculophrenic and pericardiacophrenic arteries (from the internal thoracic arteries).This can be remembered using the phrase ‘C3, 4, 5 keep the diaphragm alive’. The diaphragm is innervated by the phrenic nerve, which arises from the spinal nerve roots C3, C4 and C5. The right dome is typically higher due to the presence of the liver below. Lumbar: arises from lumbar vertebrae 1-3 and the medial and lateral arcuate ligaments.Costal: attach to the inferior six ribs and costal cartilages.Sternal: two muscular slips which attach to the posterior aspect of the xiphoid process.The surrounding muscular component is divided into three parts: The diaphragm is a double-domed structure with the muscular fibres blending into a central tendon. During normal breathing, the diaphragm may only move by 1.5cm, during deep breathing this may increase to 7cm.
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